Agate stone

Etymology and history
Stone was called by the view of Theophrastus, the Greek philosopher and naturalist, who discovered the stone along the shore of the river Achates (Greek: Ἀχάτης) sometime between 3 and 4 centuries before the birth. [2] and other garnet colored chalcedonies and get more than 3000 years ago from the river Achates, now called Dirillo, in Sicily [3].
 Use the old
Garnet is one of the most common materials used in the art of carving hardstone, and was found on a number of archaeological sites, pointing to its use on a large scale in the ancient world, for example, recovery of ancient Knossos site on the island of Crete and clarify its role in the Bronze Age Minoan culture. [4]
 The formation and properties Garnet ranges (such as carnelian, garnet), and the sample is 2.5 cm (1 inch) wide

He also spoke most agate nodules in volcanic rocks or ancient lava, where they represent cavities originally produced by the disengagement of volatile matter in the cluster, which was filled with molten and then, in whole or in part, through the siliceous matter deposited in regular layers on the walls. Such as garnet, when cutting the supply side, displaying a series of parallel lines, often tenuity extreme poverty, giving the appearance of bands to the section. Known stones such as carnelian, ranges, [Riband] and the outline of garnet garnet. 

In the formation of an ordinary agate, it is possible that the water containing silica in a solution that caused, perhaps, of decomposition of some of the silicate in the lava itself, percolated through the rock and deposited paint trays in the interior of vapor - the vesicles. In the nature of the solution or changes in circumstances may cause a corresponding difference in the deposition of successive layers, so that gangs often work agate with layers of quartz crystals. Steam - vesicles may unite while many of the rock is still sticky, and thus shaped like a bowl large, which could become the home of a garnet and the size of an exceptional and, thus, the Brazilian geode lined with amethyst and weighing 67 tonnes has been featured in the exhibition Düsseldorf in 1902. Perhaps a comprehensive review of most of the garnet chemistry is the text of an interview Moxon listed below. 

The first deposit on the wall of the cavity, and the formation of skin, "from" garnet, is generally a dark green metal material, such as celadonite, delessite or "green earth", which are rich in iron probably derived from the decomposition of Augite easier in volcanic rocks and. This green silicate may give rise to a result of the change to brown iron oxide (limonite), and produces the appearance of rust on the outside of the faith, Garnet. Outer surface, freed from its matrix, often revolve garnet and rough, apparently as a result of removing the original paint. The spread of the first layer on the wall of the cavity has been called "," building on this base zeolitic minerals may be deposited priming.
Garnet many hollow, since deposition has not started yet enough to fill the cavity, and in such cases from the date of deposit of the last usually consists of quartz, often amethyst, and after the peaks of crystals oriented free-space and form a crystal lined cavity, or the geoid.
The dissolution of the matrix, which is an integral part of Garnet, they are set free. Garnet and very resistant to weathering and remain as nodules in the soil or gravel and shall be deposited in waterways and beaches. [Edit] Types of agate Agatized coral. "Agate Turritella" (Elimia tenera) of the formation of the Green River, Wyoming 

Garnet and Mexican, showing only one eye, has received the name of the giant agate. Include the issue of green and gold, red, black or color, or other groups as an integral part of agate and disposed of yarn and other forms suggestive of vegetable growth, is of dendritic or moss agate. Dendritic agate Fern in such patterns formed due to the presence of iron oxides and manganese. There are other types of substances deposited through the construction of garnet growth rates include sagenitic (radial mineral crystals) and chunks of debris trap (such as sand and ash, or mud). Garnet in some cases fill the void left by decomposed plant material such as a limb or tree root and is called agate cast party because of his appearance. 

Turritella Agate and consists of silicified fossil tenera Elimia (a mistake Turritella) shells. E.. tenera is a cycle of marine molluscs and a elongated, shells composed of many spiral whorls. Similarly, coral, petrified wood or other organic remains porous rocks can also become agatized. Often referred to is Agatized reefs and Petoskey stone or agate.
Garnet is the Greek name given to the color white to pale tan agate found in Sicily back to 400 BC the Greeks used to make jewelry and beads. Called on any of the garnet and the color of the island of Sicily, once the ancient Greek colony, Garnet Greek. However, it was the stone has been around for centuries before that, and was known to the Sumerians and Egyptians alike, who used the stones for decoration and religious ceremony.
Another type of agate, carnelian, Brazil, which is found as the geoid large nodule layers. Occur in these tunes interlayered brown with white and gray. Forms of quartz within these nodules, and create a model beaten when cut against the axis of growth layers. And often dyed different colors for decorative purposes.
Some of the stones, when examined in thin sections of the transmitted light, show a diffraction due to the sensitivity of the bands in a row, as it is called agate rainbow. Garnet and often coexists with layers or masses of agate, jasper or crystalline quartz due to the different environment during the process of formation.
Other forms of agate include the Lake Superior agate, carnelian (usually in the gallery forms a reddish), Botswana agate, carnelian Ellensburg blue, blue agate lace, feather agate, carnelian tube (with the influx of visible channels), garnet enrichment (who has little or an integral structure), garnet-fire (which seems to glow internally, such as agate and carnelian Mexican lace insane (exhibitions colored complex, and often colorful style ranges), also called the Rodeo Agate Rosetta Stone, which he had based on the mine at that time. [Edit] Uses in industry and art Faceted Botswana Agate
Agate industry is mainly used to make ornaments such as pins, brooches, knives, and paper, inkstands, marble and seals. Because of the hardness and the ability to resist acids, agate is used to make mortars and pestles to crush and mix chemicals. Due to the high polish possible with agate used for centuries for leather polishing tools. Idar - Oberstein was one of the centers that have benefited from Garnet on an industrial scale. Where in the beginning and found locally and used agate to make all types of objects for the European market, and these acts of globalization in all parts of the beginning of the 20: Idar - Oberstein imported large quantities of agate from Brazil, it is also ballast the ship. Using a variety of property, and the chemical processes that industry produces colored beads that have been sold all over the world. [5] was Garnet has long been used in the arts and crafts. Campus of the Presbyterian Church in Yachats, Oregon, and windows with six parts are made of agate that has been collected from local beaches. [6]

Quartz

Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system. And shape of the crystal is the perfect six-sided prism ending with a six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often twinned, distorted, or even intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals, and show only a portion of this form, or the lack of crystal is very clear and show the faces and wide-ranging. The formation of crystals, usually in a good form of 'bed' is not restricted by the growth in a vacuum, but because the crystals must be suspended in the other side of the matrix, only one termination pyramid is present. Geodes, quartz is the case where such a vacuum is almost spherical shape, and lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward. 

In surface water temperatures and pressures, quartz is the most stable form of silicon dioxide. Quartz will remain stable up to 573 ° C in 1 kilobar pressure. It also increases the pressure the temperature at which quartz will lose stability also increases.
Above 1300 ° C and under pressure from approximately 35 kilobars, only β - quartz stable. The latter is not the same as ordinary quartz (or α quartz) and quartz or low quartz only. β - quartz and higher symmetry, and less dense, and slightly less than the specific gravity. Conversion from one substance to another substance solid solid, quartz for β - quartz rapid and reversible and associated with the absorption of energy slightly. Easily be converted to happen when it is heated quartz crystal for β - quartz, and cool back down, heat again for β - quartz, etc., and quartz will be the same as when started. 

The reason for this is to turn easily accomplish is that the difference between quartz and quartz β - relatively small. Linkages between the oxygen and silicon atoms is "wiggled" or decrease in quartz and other "wiggled" in quartz, β. High temperatures atoms move away from each other enough to allow the bonds to non-node or correction and production of higher symmetry. Also reduced the temperature, the atoms close in on each other and bonds must be engaged in order to be stable and this reduces the symmetry back again.
Although all quartz at temperatures lower than 573 ° C low-quartz, and there are a few examples of crystals, which started as clear quartz, β. Sometimes these are named and quartz, β but is in fact examples crystals "pseudomorphic or" form that is more correctly called a lie 'after quartz quartz, β. These crystals are higher than the symmetry of quartz is low despite the decrease in quartz crystals can form similar. It consists of six dipyramids which is a pair of six pyramids by the opposition and the perspective of non-crystal faces. And consists of quartz typical of the end of two sets of three faces Moeini that can look like a pyramid, six-sided one.
 (Microscopic) crystal structure

α - quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, space group P-3121 and P 3221 respectively. β - quartz belongs to the hexagonal system, space group P-6221 and P 6421, respectively. [7] This is really spacegroups Chiral (they belong to their respective spouses enantiomorphous 11). Both α - quartz and quartz β - examples of crystal structures consisting of Chiral Chiral building blocks (Net 4 Tetrahedra in this case). Switched between - α, β, quartz and includes only a relatively minor rotation Tetrahedron relation to one another, without changing the way in which they are linked.  
 Miscellaneous (according to the color) 

Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal (sometimes called clear quartz), is a colorless and transparent (obviously), or transparent, and often is used for carvings hardstone, such as Crystal and Thir. Colored varieties include joint Citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz and milky quartz, and others. Quartz and goes through a series of different names. Important to distinguish between types of quartz is the most macrocrystalline individual crystals (visible with the naked eye) and griseofulvin or cryptocrystalline varieties (aggregates of crystals is not clear, in light of high inflation). Cryptocrystalline varieties and transparent or opaque for the most part, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline silica, which is composed of intergrowths fine of quartz, and has a crystalline multifaceted moganite. [8] Other types of precious stones opaque quartz, or quartz mixed, including, including the often conflicting gangs or patterns of colors, and garnet, agricultural and rural development, carnelian, agate, heliotrope, and jasper.  Baby Exclusive "You'll see" redirects to this article. For other uses, see Baby (disambiguation).
Citrine and a variety of quartz ranging from pale yellow to brown. Citrin natural rare; commercial polystyrene, mostly heat-treated Amethyst stones or quartzes smoke. It is almost impossible to say pieces of Citrine Yellow Topaz clearly, but they vary in hardness. Citrine and iron impurities, and there is often normal. Brazil is the largest producer of Citrine, with much of its production coming from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The name is derived from the Latin citrina, which means "yellow", which is also out of the word "citron." Can be found in some cases, Citrine and amethyst together in the same crystal and is referred to ametrine. [9]
Citrine is one of three traditional birthstones for the month of October / November.  Rose Quartz And an elephant carved in rose quartz, and 4 inches (10 cm) long
The rose quartz is a type of quartz which exhibits a pale pink color, red and rose. Is usually regarded as the color due to trace amounts of titanium, iron, manganese, and materials and extensive. Rose quartz contains microscopic rutile needles, some of which produce a set of stars in the light transmitted. Recent X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the color is due to a microscopically thin fibers are likely dumortierite within quartz and extensive. [10] 

In the form of crystal (rarely found) and the so-called pink quartz, and in color is thought to be caused by trace amounts of phosphate, aluminum. Color in the crystals is what apparently is a sensitive and subject to fading. Crystals were found and was the first in pegmatite found near Rumford, Maine, United States of America, but most of the crystals in the market come from Minas Gerais, Brazil [11].
The rose quartz is not as popular as the jewel - is generally also a shadow of a bug to be suitable for this purpose. The rose quartz is often carved into figures such as people or hearts. There is usually because the hearts and pink rose quartz is a mineral and affordable.  Amethyst Amethyst. Magaliesburg, South Africa Main article: Amethyst
Amethyst is a popular form of quartz that range from bright or dark purple color for boring.  Smoky Quartz Smoke Quartz
Smoky quartz is gray, a copy of transparent quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost full transparency to the brown and gray crystal that is almost opaque. Could also be that some of the blacks.  Milky Quartz Milky quartz sample Romanian ancient cameo onyx engraved gem of Augustus 

Milk quartz or milky quartz may be more common variety of quartz crystal and can be found almost anywhere. May be caused by the white minute inclusion of liquids from gas, liquid, or both, were trapped during the crystal formation. And the clouds caused by the use of drawers bars effectively in most applications of visual quality and precious stones. [12] Treatments of synthetic and artificial Synthetic quartz crystal grown by the hydrothermal method, 19 cm long and weighs about about 127 grams
Not every kind of quartz, which occur naturally. Prasiolite, and olive colored material, and produced by heat treatment; was also natural prasiolite have noticed in the Lower Silesia in Poland. Although Citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat treatment of amethyst. Garnet is widely heat-treated to deepen its color.
In view of the natural quartz, which often twinning, and quartz used in industry and are manufactured a lot of. And untwinned crystals are produced in large flawless, in the autoclave through the process of hydrothermal; emeralds are also manufactured in this form. While these are still referred to as quartz, the correct term for this material is silicon dioxide. Occurrence 

Quartz is the main constituent of granite and other metals contained in volcanic rocks. It is very common in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and stone are also present in variable amounts as accessory mineral in most of the carbonate rocks. It is also a common constituent of schist, gneiss, quartzite and other metamorphic rocks. Given the resistance of the resistance is very common in the sediment remaining in the stream and soil. Quartz, therefore, occupies the lowest level that could weather in a series of dissolution Goldich.
Quartz occurs in hydrothermal veins and a bug with the ore minerals. Quartz crystals were found in large pegmatites. Crystals that formed up to several meters in length and well weight of hundreds of kilograms.
Naturally occurring quartz crystals very high purity, for crucibles and other equipment used to grow silicon wafers in the semiconductor industry, are expensive and rare. A site of major mining high-purity quartz is Spruce Pine Gem Mine in Spruce Pine, North Carolina, United States. [13]  Related silica minerals


Tridymite and cristobalite and high-temperature polymorphs of the Net 2, which occur in high silica volcanic rocks. Coesite is the most multi-modal density of quartz found in some locations, the impact of the meteor and metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than usual from the earth's crust. Stishovite is more intense after the high pressure multi-forms of quartz found in some locations, the impact of meteors. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass Net 2, which consists of lightning strikes in quartz sand. [Edit] History Fatimid carved rock crystal (clear quartz) vase, (c) 1000 Quartz crystal showing transparency
The word "quartz" comes from the German About this sound Quarz (help information *), [14] which is a Slavic origin (Czech miners called křemen). Other sources attribute the origin of the word to the Saxon word Querkluftertz, that is, through the vein of ore. [15]
Quartz is the most commonly used as specified in Article maban mystical myths of indigenous people in Australia. Found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in the context of the burial, such as Newgrange or Carrowmore in the Republic of Ireland. And quartz is the Irish word cloch grian, which means' stone of the sun.
While Jade has since earliest times precious and semi-precious stone sculpture in much of East Asia, and the pre-Columbian America, in Europe and the Middle East and various types of quartz are the most common of the various types of jewelry and sculpture hardstone, including digging for precious stones and stones precious gemstones, rock crystal vases, vessels too. Tradition continued to produce objects that have been very high value even to the mid-century 19, when it fell to a large extent only in the fashion jewelry. Technique exploits the pattern and bands of color in garnet, and other items.
Nature of the Roman Pliny the Elder believed quartz to water ice, frozen permanently after a great effort of time. (The word "crystal" comes from the Greek word κρύσταλλος "ice.") Said he supported the idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on the volcanic mountains, and this type of quartz crystals, in the areas for cold hands . He also knew the ability of quartz to split light into the spectrum. This idea continued until the 1600s at least.
Century 17, Nicolas Achtzalaldrasp of quartz paved 's the way to talk to the crystals. And discovered that no matter how distorted crystal quartz, with a long face which is always the perfect angle of 60 degrees.
Charles B. Sawyer invented the commercial quartz crystal manufacturing process in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Began the transition from mined and cut quartz for electrical appliances and quartz manufacturer. 

Quartz piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. And oscillator quartz first or developed and resonator by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921. [16] Pierce, George Washington was determined to patent and oscillators crystal quartz in 1923. [17] Warren Marrison created the oscillator quartz first hour based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927 . [18]  Piezoelectricity
Quartz crystals and piezoelectric properties, but development of electric potential at the request of the mechanical stress. In the early use of this property of quartz crystals was there in phonograph pickups. One of the most common uses of the piezoelectric quartz today is a crystal oscillator. And on the quartz clock is a device that you are familiar with metal. Frequency quartz crystal oscillator is changed is by downloading a resonant mechanical, and this principle is used for accurate measurements of very very small mass changes in quartz crystal microbalance in the thin film thickness monitors.

Garnet

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Properties
There are types of garnet in many colors including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, black and pink color. This is the rarest onyx blue, discovered in the late 1990s in Bekily and Madagascar. Were also found in parts of the United States, Russia and Turkey. Color changes from green and blue in daylight to purple in bright light, as a result of relatively high amounts of vanadium (about 1 wt. V2O3%). Other varieties of garnet color changing exist. In broad daylight, the color ranges between shades of green, beige, brown, gray, and blue, but in bright light, they appear to reddish or purple / pink. Because of the color changing quality, this type of garnet is often mistaken for alexandrite. Found in the garnet mine Sapphire Spokane near Helena, Montana

Characteristics of species can be garnet in the light transmission of a set of samples for transparent gemstone quality varieties vague used for industrial purposes and abrasives. Metallic luster and is classified as a glass (like glass) or resinous (amber, such as).  Crystal structure Molecular model of garnet.
Garnet and nesosilicates have a general formula X3Y2 (SiO4) 3. Site X is usually occupied by divalent cations (CA2 +, + Mg2, FE2 +) and the location of any of trivalent cations (+ AL3, + FE3, + Cr3) in the framework / octahedral with tetrahedral [SiO4] 4 - the occupation of Tetrahedra . [2] agate is often found in dodecahedral crystal habit, but here there are also usually in the habit trapezohedron. Called (Note: the word "trapezohedron" as used here and in most of the texts refers to the formation of mineral icositetrahedron Deltoidal in engineering solid.), Which crystallized in the cubic system, and after all three axes of equal length and perpendicular to each other. Garnet does not show cleavage, so when they break under pressure, and irregular pieces are sharp.  hardness 

Because the chemical composition of garnet varies, atomic bonds in some species are stronger than others. As a result, this group shows a group of mineral hardness scale Moss of about 6.5 to 7.5. The most difficult species, such as almandine, and is often used for abrasive.  Species Group endmember garnet  Garnet Pyralspite aluminum in the Al-site -

    * Almandine: Fe3Al2 (SiO4) (3)
    * Pyrope: Mg3Al2 (SiO4) (3)
    * Spessartine: Mn3Al2 (SiO4) (3)
 Almandine Almandine in Metamorphic Rocks
Almandine, and sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is a modern gem known as carbuncle (though originally was known in almost any red gemstone that name). Derived the term "carbuncle" from Latin meaning "anthrax" or burning coal. Almandine and the name is a corruption Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor, where the cut of these stones in ancient times. Chemically, almandine garnet is the iron and aluminum with Fe3Al2 formula (SiO4) (3), and deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and precious stones are also used (which are the most common cause of Agate GEM). Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like a rock of mica, associated with minerals such as staurolite, kyanite, andalusite, and others. Almandine and aliases of the East Garnet, Ruby almandine, and carbuncle.  Pyrope

Pyrope (pyrōpós from Greek means "fire eyes") is red in color and chemically with the magnesium aluminum silicate Mg3Al2 formula (SiO4) (3), although it could be replaced by magnesium in a part of iron, calcium and iron. The color of pyrope varies from red to black almost profound. Used pyropes transparent and precious stones.
A variety of pyrope from Macon County, North Carolina is a violet shadow, red garnet and it was called, from the Greek meaning "rose." In the chemical composition and can be considered the basis for the combination of isomorphous pyrope and almandine, in relation to the two parts pyrope almandine part one. Pyrope, trade names and some misnomers; Cape Ruby, Ruby, Arizona, California ruby, Rocky Mountain ruby, and Bohemian garnet from the Czech Republic. Another intriguing finding Agate Blue is the color change from Madagascar, and the combination spessartine pyrope. Color Agate Blue This is not like sapphire blue in the middle of the day, but little more subdued gray-green blues and blues sometimes seen in spinel. However, in light of the LED color white is equal to the best Cornflower blue sapphire or D block tanzanite, this is due to the ability of an onyx blue component to absorb the yellow light emitted.
Pyrope is an indication of the rock and metal high pressure. And garnet from mantle derived rocks, and peridotites eclogites, commonly contain a variety of pyrope.  Spessartine Spessartine (reddish metal)
Spessartine spessartite or manganese, aluminum, garnet, Mn3Al2 (SiO4) 3. Its name is derived from Spessart in Bavaria. This occurs most often in the pegmatite granite and rock types and allied with them in the phyllites a certain degree of low temperatures. Was found Spessartine of yellow and orange in Madagascar. Was found spessartines violet red rhyolites in Colorado and Maine.