Agate is a form of cryptocrystalline quartz. The colors of the bands, ranging from white to almost every aspect (except for some shades, such as purple or blue). Usually, containing samples of agate available bands of colors white, tan, and brown. Entertainment
Sardonyx is the alternative that colored bands and agricultural development and rural (shades of red) rather than black. Black Opal is pure common, and perhaps the most famous variety, but not as common as garnet color ranges. Tradition And sometimes the name of the user, incorrectly, to label ranges Jeweler other materials, such as ranges calcite found in Mexico, Pakistan, and other places, and carved in many cases, polished, and sold it. This material is much lighter than the garnet real, and so much more readily available. Most of the items that are sold sculpture as 'Garnet' Today this carbonate material.
Etymology Garnet comes through the Latin: onyx, garnet ὄνυξ Greek meaning of the clutch 'or' nail. With color fleshtone, onyx can be said to resemble a nail. Spike the English word 'is cognate with the Greek word. The historical use Onyx from Australia. Onyx from Brazil. Has a long history of using hardstone carving and jewelry, which is usually cut as a cabochon, or beads, and is also used to screen or pattern engraved gems, where bands make the image contrast with the ground. Some onyx is natural but is producing a lot of staining of agate. Onyx was known to the Greeks and Romans used sardonyx appears in the art of Minoan Crete, in particular of the amounts recovered in the archaeological Knossos.Onyx were used in Egypt, where the making of the early Second Dynasty pots and other items. Black onyx with bands of colors.
As mentioned in the Bible alarmed at different points, such as clothing the priests and the foundation of the city from the sky in Revelation.
Emerald is a variety of mineral beryl (Be 3 for 2 (Net 3) 6) the green color of trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. [Beryl has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on a scale of 10 points Moss to the hardness of metals. To a large extent from most of the emeralds and Cmmelthzh durability of resistance (to break) and are classified, so the poor in general. Meanings The word "Emerald" is derived (via Old French: Esmeraude and Middle English: Emeraude), from Vulgar Latin: Esmaralda / Esmaraldus, variant of Latin Smaragdus, which originated in Greek: smaragdos (σμάραγδος; "jewel green"); it either the original source אזמרגד izmargad Hebrew word meaning "emerald" or "green" [3] or Sanskrit मरग्दम् marakata word that means "green". It can also be related to the name Barack Semitic word (בָּרָק; bright; "Lightning" and "Shine") (see Hebrew: bareqeth ברקת and Arabic: lightning flash "Lightning"). It is the same source for the names of the Persian zomorrod emerald (), Turkish (zümrüt), Sanskrit (मरग्दम् maragdam), Russian (изумруд; izumrud) [4] and Armenian zmruxt. Characteristics determine the value Emerald cut Emerald, like all colored gemstones, are classified using four basic criteria, and four of Jim taste; color, cut, clarity and Crystal. C last, crystal is used simply as a synonym that begins with C for transparency or what gemologists call diaphaneity. Before the 20 century, and used jewelry term water as in the "gem of the finest water" [5] to express a combination of two qualities, colors and crystal. Usually, in the grades of colored gemstones, color is much more important criterion. However, in the grading of emerald, crystal is considered in second place. Both are necessary conditions. The fine must be emerald and has not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, but also a high degree of transparency that is the highest gem America in the 1960s changed the jewelry industry in the definition of 'Emerald' to include carrying vanadium beryl and emerald green. As a result, vanadium and Emerald Emerald purchased in the United States is not recognized as such in the United Kingdom and Europe. In America, and the distinction between traditional and new type of vanadium Emerald is reflected in many cases the use of terms' Colombian emeralds like that. Colors Color, scientifically speaking is divided into three components: hue, saturation and tone. And shapes found in yellow and blue adjacent to the green on the spectral color wheel, is the natural forms found in the secondary emerald. Emerald occurs in forms ranging from the yellow and green to green, blue. And the primary hue must, of course, be green. Is a medium dark in tone is one of the only emerald gems. Precious stones known as light relief types and Beryl Green. In addition, you must be a bright color (live). Ramadi is the rate of saturation regular or mask found in emerald. Green and gray color is dull green. Clarity Emerald tends to be listing numerous and break the surface fissures. Unlike diamond, where the lens is a 10X, zoom used standard, for clarity grade and the Emerald is the degree of the eye. Thus, if it has no inclusions visible to the Emerald Eye (assuming normal visual acuity) is free of defects. Lack of surface rupture is extremely rare and thus break almost all the Emerald deal stones that "drunk", to enhance the clarity and clear. Eye clean stones from the neighborhood of the green primary hue (as described above) with no more than 15% of any hue or a combination of secondary (either blue or yellow) of the dark tone is medium at the highest prices. This crystal relative non-uniformity makes it Emerald more likely than other precious stones to be cut in cabochons, faceted shapes instead of. Treatment The top most part of the Emerald Jeweler participation process, in order to improve their clarity. Rice, oil, and a similar refractive index, often used in this generally accepted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to the Emerald, such as Opticon are also used. In the United States Federal Trade Commission requires disclosure of such treatment when it sold the emerald is the treatment. The use of conventional oil and acceptable to a large extent from the gem trade. Other treatments, for example, use green colored oil, are not acceptable in this trade. Society and a common language lab recently for the classification and clarity of emeralds. Classification of precious stones and on a fourth step, nothing, simple, medium and high-booster. Note that these categories do not reflect the levels of promotion and visibility. Jewel and phased nothing on the scale of promotion may appear impurities are still visible. Labs tend to apply these standards differently. Some laboratories in the gem of the mere existence of oil or polymers are increased. Others may ignore the impact of oil if the presence of such material is not materially improve the look of the precious stones. Given that a majority of all the Emerald deal wide as described above, and the fact that the two stones that look identical in terms of quality may actually be too far away in the level of treatment, a consumer considering the purchase of expensive emerald and do well to insist on a report of respectful treatment Plant a gem. All other factors being equal, high-quality level of the Emerald gradual strengthening the moderates and should cost 40-50% less than the stones are identical phased nothing. To Spain and gold necklace emerald displayed in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Antiquity were mined in the Emerald by the Egyptians, Pakistan and Austria.
Synthetic Emerald Emerald hexagonal structure shows Emerald is a rare and valuable gems, and as such, it has provided an incentive for developing synthetic emeralds. Both water and the flow of growth and production of synthetic materials, developed a method to produce hyper emerald beryl is colorless. Was the first commercially successful emerald synthesis process and that Chatham Carroll. Chatham Emerald because you do not have any water, and contains tracks for vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium, a process flow of lithium vanadate probably involved. Other major producer of emeralds and the flow was Pierre Gilson Sr., which has been on the market since 1964. Are usually grown on the Emerald Gilson colorless beryl seeds which become natural coated on both sides. Growth occurs at a rate of 1 mm per month for seven months, the growth of a typical operation producing emerald crystals of 7 mm thickness. Gelson sale of produce tested for the Japanese company in the 1980s, but production stopped since then, so it was not Chatham, after the quake, which struck the city of San Francisco 1989.
Hydrothermal synthetic emerald was attributed to the international community Farben, Nacken, Tairus, and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of Johann Lechleitner of Innsbruck, Austria, which appeared on the market in the 1960s. In the beginning, these stones, which are sold under the names "honorary" and "Symeralds", and was also grown a thin layer of emerald on top of colorless beryl natural stones. Although not much is known about the original process, and assumes that the emerald Leichleitner and grown in acidic conditions. [Citation needed], 1965-1970, later in the Linde Division of Union Carbide produced completely synthetic emeralds by hydrothermal synthesis. According to the patents of their own, acidic conditions necessary to prevent the chromium (which is used as the basis for coloring) of the calf. Also, it is important that the nutrients that contain silicon away from the other components to prevent the nucleation and growth of crystals are limited to seeds. Growth takes place through the deployment of response, with the assistance of pregnancy. Largest producer of emeralds vents today is Tairus in Russia. We have succeeded to compile the Emerald that are similar to the chemical composition and emeralds in the deposits of alkali in Colombia, and are therefore called "Colombian emeralds construction" or "Tairus Created Emerald" shine in ultraviolet radiation and is considered a test of complementary when making a decision against the synthetic report of the natural, and many, but not all thing, natural emerald is inactive for the UV light. Synthetic fibers and many of the UV radiation is also inactive.
Often referred synthetic emeralds "to create", and chemical composition and jewelry is the same as natural counterparts. In the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the very strict regulations regarding what can and can not be called "stone" synthetic. Federal Trade Commission says: "§ 23.23 (c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word" laboratory-grown "," laboratory-created "," [name of manufacturer], the creation of "or" artificial "with the name of any natural stone to describe any product unless not the manufacture of these products and the industry is essentially the same physical and chemical properties as a visual stone name. The inclusion of such fine veil common in the flow of synthetic emerald grown. Emerald in different cultures, and the Emerald Lore And Emerald Gachala is one of the largest gem emeralds in the world, 858 carats (172 grams). This stone was found in 1967 in San Juan de Vega mine in Los Angeles Gachalá and Colombia. And housed in the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC Emerald is the traditional, as is the jewel in May, as well as the traditional gemstone for the astrological signs of Taurus, Cancer, and sometimes Gemini. One of the most bizarre tales of the Emerald was by the historian in the Horn of 16 Brantôme, who referred to many of the Emerald and impressive Spaniards under Cortez could return to Europe from Latin America. On one of the most prominent and Emerald Cortez, said he was in the text engraved between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Mulierum Mayor Wall rexit others ("Among those born of women there hath not created the largest"; man atheist ten, 11) which refers to John the Baptist. Considered Brantôme drilling this nature sacrilegious pretty simple product, is this behavior a cause for Lkhosarp Cortez Pearl extremely valuable (which is devoted to the work of a beautiful and incomparable pearl) and even the death of King Charles IX of France who died shortly after. [ In some cultures, and emerald is the traditional gift for 55 wedding anniversary. Is also used as a wedding anniversary stone and 35 20.
And authorized the King James Version of the Bible, in Exodus 28:18 and 39:11, and lists of "emerald" as one of the gems in the breastplate of the Jewish priests, but the modern consensus is that this is probably a misunderstanding. (See Hoshen). Ireland is often referred to, especially in America, as the "Emerald Isle" For. Frank Baum's Wizard of Oz from the superb, the city where the rules are the wizard of the Emerald, and thus is called the Emerald City. Book in the series is named after the sixth.
And Ruby is a pink to blood red gemstone, and a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide). The red color is caused mainly by the element chromium. Its name comes from Roper, Latin for red. The gem of the corundum, called the quality of other items sapphires. And is considered one of the four ruby gems, along with Alyakoto Elzimrdo diamonds.
Are primarily price-fixing by the color of rubies. The brightest and most valuable "red" called pigeon blood red, commands a large premium on the other ruby of similar quality. After color follows clarity: similar to diamonds, and stone and clear and excellent leadership, but the ruby without any needle-like rutile impurities may indicate that the stone and has been addressed. And Carat (weight) also determine the price. Physical Characteristics
Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on a scale of Moss to the hardness of metals. Between the natural gems only diamond and Moissanite is more difficult, with a diamond Mohs hardness of 10.0, which is located somewhere in the moissonite (ruby corundum between) and diamonds in hardness. Ruby and α - alumina (the most stable form of Al 2 O 3) and that a small portion of aluminum 3 + ions are replaced by chromium 3 + ions. Each chromium 3 + surrounded by six O octahedrally2 - ions. This arrangement of crystals strongly affects both chromium 3 + output, in the absorption of green light in the yellow region of the spectrum, and thus in the red color of the gemstones. When it absorbs green light, yellow chromium 3 +, is re-emitted, and the red luminescence. [2], and this adds to the emission of red color red is considered by subtraction of light green and purple of the white light, and adds luster to the gem in appearance. When the optical arrangement so that emissions are stimulated by 694 nm photons reflecting back and forth between two mirrors, and the emission grows strongly in intensity. This effect has been used by Theodore Maiman in 1960 to make the success of the first laser, based on Ruby.
All natural rubies and disadvantages of them, including color impurities and inclusions of rutile needles known as "silk". Gemologists use these needle found in the inclusion of natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics, simulation, or alternatives. Are usually a hot stone is rough before cutting. Today almost all rubies are treated in one way or another, with the heat treatment is a practice more common than others. However, sapphire, that have not fully addressed, but still of excellent quality command a large premium.
Some rubies show 3 points or 6 points, a set of stars or "star". This cut rubies cabochons to display the effect properly. Is the best and pronounced with a single light source, and move through the material and the light or moving stone is rotated Asterisms. These effects occur when light is reflected from the "silk" (in the direction structurally rutile inclusion of a needle) in a certain way. This is one example where inclusions increase the value of precious stones. Furthermore, it can change the color of rubies show - though this happens in very rare cases - as well as chatoyancy or "cat eye" effect. Natural occurrence
And Mogok Valley in Upper Burma) and was (for centuries the world's main source of Lalyakot. They were produced in the region some of the finest rubies mined than ever, but in recent years very few good rubies have been found there. The color of rubies in Myanmar, in some cases described as the very best as a "blood bath." central Myanmar, from the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies During the 1990s, and quickly became the world's major ruby mining area. Recently, I found most of the Ruby deposit in Myanmar Namya (Namyazeik) located in the state of North Kachin.
Sapphire has been mined historically in Thailand, Pailin and Samlout region of Cambodia, and Afghanistan. Sapphire is rarely found in Sri Lanka, where pink sapphires are the most common. After World War II was found on a ruby deposits in Tanzania, Madagascar, Vietnam, Nepal, Tajikistan, and Pakistan. I have found there were a few of sapphire in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Recently, Ruby and large deposits have been found under the ice shelf retreat of Greenland. In 2002 rubies were found in the river area Waseges Kenya.
Alispenilalohjar stones, and sometimes be found, another red with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble. Be mistaken Spinel Ruby Red had by those lacking experience with precious stones. However, the best red spinels can not and has a value approaching that Robbie average. A cut ruby. Factors that affect the value of
Diamonds are classified by using criteria that became known as C-4, two color, cut, clarity, and carat weight. Similarly, natural sapphire can be evaluated using four common with the size and geographic origin.
Color: in the evaluation of colored gemstones, color is the most important single factor. Color is divided into three components; Hue, saturation, and tone. Hue refers to the "color" and we usually use this term. Transparent gems occur in the following forms: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, purple and pink are the spectral shapes. Setta, the first of its kind in the spectral shapes; two spectral shapes are modified. Purple is the color of which is located halfway between red and blue. Pink is the shade of the color red. The nature and existence of pure forms are rarely so when talking about the hue of the gems we speak of, secondary and higher in some cases, primary forms. Ruby in the primary should be for the color red. Forms and types of precious stones corundum were invited all other rubies. Ruby may show a wide range of forms of secondary education. Orange, purple, violet, pink and possible Treatment and improvements
Improve the quality of gemstones by treating them is common practice. Some treatments are used in almost all cases, and therefore considered acceptable. During the late 1990s, led to large quantities of low-cost to a sudden increase in supply of sapphire heat-treated, leading to downward pressure on prices of Ruby.
Improvements include the use of color change, and improve transparency through the solution of the inclusion of rutile, and healing of fractures (cracks) or even completely filling them.
The most common treatment is the application of heat. Most, if not all, rubies at the lower end of the market are heat treated to the rough stones to improve color, and remove the dye purple, blue patches and silk. These treatments heat usually occurs around the temperature ° C 1800 (3300 degrees Fahrenheit). [6] Some rubies undergo a process tube temperatures, when heating the stone coal to a temperature of 1300 degrees Celsius about (2400 ° F) for 20 to 30 minutes . Silk is only partially broken as to improve the color.
And less acceptable treatment, which gained notoriety in recent years, is lead to fill the glass. Fill the fractures inside the ruby with lead glass significantly improve the transparency of the stone, which makes sapphire is not suitable by fit for applications in jewelry. This is done in four steps:
1. By rough stones polished to eradicate all surface impurities that may affect the process of 2. Is clean and raw with hydrogen fluoride 3. The heating process during which the first is the addition of any fillers. And spent on the process of heating a bug within the fractures. Although this can be done at temperatures up to 1400 degrees Celsius (2500 degrees Fahrenheit), it is likely to occur at a temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius (1600 degrees Fahrenheit) since the rutile silk is still intact 4. Second heating process in an electric oven with various chemical additions. Have shown different solutions are mixed to be successful, but most of them contain lead and glass powder is used in the present time. Ruby fell in oils, then covered with a powder, an integral part of the tiles, put them in the oven where it is heated to a temperature of around 900 (1600 degrees Fahrenheit) for an hour in oxidizing atmosphere. Orange colored powder turning on the heating in the transparency of the yellow paste, which fills all fractures. After cooling the color paste is fully transparent and dramatically improves the overall transparency of the ruby.
If the color needs to be added, powdered glass and can be "enhanced" with copper or other metal oxides as well as elements such as sodium, calcium, potassium, etc..
Process is repeated and can be heated second 3-4 times, and application to mixtures of different [7]. And when they contain Sapphire Jewelry warming (to reform) should not be coated with acid, hollow or any other material, and this can dig surface; it should not be "protected" like diamonds. Synthetic and imitation rubies
In 1837 Gaudin made the first synthetic rubies of potash alum valves at high temperature with a little chromium as a pigment. In 1847 Ebelmen made by the bombing white sapphire alumina in boric acid. In 1877 and Frenic Freil made crystal corundum from which cut stones can be small. Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by bombing Puff 2 and Al 2 O 3 with the chrome in the heat a little red. In 1903 announced Verneuil he can produce sapphire synthetic on a commercial scale using this fusion flame process. [8] In 1910, expanded laboratory Verneuil entered into a production facility oven 30, with the production of precious stones annual terms amounted to 1000 kg (2205 £) in 1907.
Other processes in the synthetic sapphire that can be produced by Czochralski in the process of withdrawing, the flow of the process, and the process is hydrothermal. Most synthetic rubies flame emanating from fusion, because of the low costs involved. Synthetic rubies may not flaws visible to the naked eye but magnification may reveal the curves, and striae and bubbles of gas. And the least number of less obvious imperfections, the more valuable ruby is; what there were not any defects (ie, perfect "" Ruby), and in this case would be suspected of having artificial. Dopants are added to some manufactured rubies so they can be identified and artificial, but most of the gems need a test to determine their source.
Synthetic sapphire uses her technological as well as those of jewelry. Ruby synthetic bars are used to make the ruby laser and masers. Laser, which was the first by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960 [9] In the Research Laboratories Hughes in Malibu, California, beating several research teams, including Charles Townes at Columbia University, Schawlow Arthur at Bell Labs, [10], Gold in a company called TRG (Technical Research Group). Maiman used a solid-state light pumping synthetic ruby to produce red laser light at a wavelength of 694 nanometers (nm). The ruby laser is still in use. Sapphire can also be used in applications where high hardness is required, such as materials needed to clear the tips in the coordination of the investigation Measuring Machine.
Sapphire is also tradition and marketing. Red spinels, red colored Alaqiqgualzjaj was, and claimed falsely that the rubies. Replica return to the times Romanian and already in the techniques of 17 century and designed to thwart the red scarlet wool burning at the bottom of the oven, which was then placed under the imitation stone. [11] in terms of trade such as the Palace ruby red spinel and rubellite for red tourmaline can mislead buyers unsuspecting . And therefore encourages such terminology used by many associations jewelry such as a lab manual for the Commission to harmonize (LMHC).
Main articles: Anthozoa, Alcyonaria, and Zoantharia Coral reefs to differentiate between sub-categories, depending on the number of tentacles or lines of symmetry, and a series of orders corresponding to the external structure, the type nematocyst genetic analysis of mitochondria. [1] [2] [5] and with these eight sensors called octocorallia or Alcyonaria include soft corals, sea fans and sea pens. With those hexacorallia more than eight in six multiple so-called name or Zoantharia. This group includes the building of coral reefs (Scleractinians) sea anemones, and zoanthids. Anatomy Anatomy of a tumor reefs William Herschel used initially thought to be a factory, to create a microscope in the 18 century, which was the attribute Coral thin membrane of cells from an animal While the head of reefs there seems to be a single object, is actually a group of many individual, yet genetically identical, polyps. Of polyps are multi-cellular organisms. Are usually benign tumors a few millimeters in diameter, are formed by the outer layer of epithelial tissue and internal jellylike known as the mesoglea. Are radially symmetrical with tentacles surrounding the mouth central, open only to the stomach or coelenteron, through which dealt with food and expel waste. Stomach closes at the base of the tumor, where the epithelium gives external structure and called for the basal plate or calicle (L. small cup). It consists of calcareous ring calicle thick (the thickness of annular) with six supporting radial ridge (as shown below). These structures grow vertically and project to the base of the tumor. When exposed to physical pressure the tumor, her claws held at the Cup so are virtually any part of the rostrum of the skeleton. This protects the organisms from predators and Annas The tumor grows and hence vertical calices septic tanks sometimes to form a new, higher, basal plate. Over many generations this extension is a large structures of coral reef limestone and coral reefs in the end. The formation of calcareous exoskeleton includes the deposition of the mineral aragonite of polyps from calcium ions and carbonate gain from seawater. Can deposition rate, while varying greatly across species and environmental conditions, and to the extent that 10 g / square meter of tumor / day (0.3 ounces / square yard / day). This is the light of its subsidiaries, the night, producing 90% less than during the middle of the day. Nematocyst discharge: nematocyst discharge response to touch the sleeping prey near cnidocil, operculum flap open and its savory tart of fires in the prey left empty strings through which the injection of toxins in the shell of prey, prey to the claws and then maneuver the mouth. Nematocysts is stinging cells on the tips of calices that carry the poison fire rapidly in response to contact with another organism. Bear claws are also gang shrunken epithelium called the pharynx. Jellyfish, sea anemones, carries nematocysts. Polyps in communication through a complex system of channels and advanced gastrovascular allow sharing a lot of food and symbiotes. In this soft coral reefs ranging in size from 5-50 micrometers (0.0020 to 0.020-in) of Qatar, and to allow the transfer of both metabolites and cellular components. [10] Near that of polyps cavernosa Montastrea. Claws and visible.
Coral reefs, as well as many other groups such as the cnidarian sea anemone (for example, Aiptasia), form a symbiotic relationship with a class of algae, and zooxanthellae, from the genus Symbiodinium. Aiptasia, while the lesion is between coral reef aquarium hobbyists, as a living example of the value of interdependence in the study of cnidarian - algae. Typically, tumor harbors one of the types of algae. By photosynthesis, and this provides energy for the coral, and help in calcification. [11]) and take advantage of algae in a safe environment, and consume carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste produced by the tumor. Given the strain the algae can put on the tumor, and the emphasis on reef coral often pay to remove the algae. It is well known mass ejections and coral bleaching, because the algae contribute to coral crayon and brown, other colors, however, is scheduled to host pigments reefs, such as GFPs (green fluorescent protein). Increase the chances of expulsion tumor to survive in the short term pressures that can regain the algae at a later date. If conditions remain difficult, and the tumor eventually die. Nutrition Polyps feed on a variety of micro-organisms, from microscopic plankton to small fish. Claws and a tumor in the Shell or kill prey with their nematocysts. And claws and then signed on its prey to the stomach. Digest at once, open the stomach, and allow for the elimination of waste and the beginning of the next fishing session. These toxins are usually too weak to harm humans. The exception is the fire coral. Breeding Can all be of coral gonochoristic (single sex) and androgynous, each of which can be extracted and sexually without mating. Cloning also allows the reef to settle new areas. Nationality Life cycles of broadcasters and pens.
Coral reefs in the production mostly through sexual contact. 25% of coral reefs, hermatypic (stony corals) form a single sex (gonochoristic) colonies, while the rest androgynous. [13]) is about 75% of coral reefs in all hermatypic "broadcast spawn" by the release of gametes, eggs and sperm into the water, the spread of offspring. Gametes fuse during fertilization to form a microscopic larva called planula, and pink, and usually in the form of an oval shape. The form of a typical colony of coral larvae of several thousand each year to overcome the difficulties of forming a new colony. Exhibits positive Planulae phototaxis, swimming towards the light to reach the water surface, where erosion and grow before descending to reach the surface of which can be difficult to attach and establish a new colony. They also exhibit sonotaxis positive and down to the sounds produced by coral reefs, and away from open water. [15 rates] Failure of the High Commissioner to infect many stages of this process, even if it is issued by the millions of gametes each colony very small number of new colonies form. Time of egg-laying in the settlement is usually 2-3 days, but can reach up to 2 months. [16] The larva grows into a tumor and eventually become by the President of asexual coral emerging and growth. Male star coral, Montastraea cavernosa, and releases sperm into the water. Synchronous spawning is very typical of coral reefs and often, even when multiple types are present, and all the coral reefs spawn in the same night. This synchronization is therefore essential that the gametes of males and females can not be met. And must rely on coral reefs and the environment stimuli, ranging from species and species, to determine the appropriate time to release gametes into the water. In the Sermon on the changes involving the moon, and the time the sun sets, and may indicate the chemical. Egg-laying has been a simultaneous hybrid and perhaps be involved in speciation Almirjanipovi some places could spawn a visually exciting, and disrupt the clear water usually with gametes, usually at night. Coral reefs in the use of two methods of sexual reproduction, which differ in whether it is the release of the female gamete:
* The broadcast, the majority of which spawn destruction, based largely on environmental cues, because they both release sperm and eggs in the water. And coral reefs in the use of long-term signals, such as the length of day, water temperature, and / or rate of change in temperature. The cue in the short term often lunar cycle, with the sunset indoctrination release. About 75% of coral species and broadcasters, mostly hermatypic, or reef-building [13]), and genes positively buoyant float toward the surface where larvae are produced planula fertilization. Larvae swim towards the light to enter into surface currents, where they remain normally for two days, but can be up to three weeks, and in one known case in two months, and then change the appearance and moving into polyps and form colonies.
* Ahermatypic pens are the most often (non-reef building) in areas of high current or wave action. Barns release sperm, a boom negatively, and can harbor non-fertilized eggs for weeks, reducing the need for events simultaneously complete the egg-laying, which occurs in some cases., And after fertilization in planula release of the coral reefs in the larvae that are ready to settle Asexual Calices (base plates) of Orbicella annularis view the beatings of two ways: flowering (calicle central small) and division (calicle double large). Within reefs, and the President of polyps of genetically identical production without mating, either through flowering (arising), or division, whether it is shown in the image of annularis Orbicella. Infancy involves growing a new tumor of adults, while the divisions of two of the polyps in each as large as the original.
* Expand the size of the fledgling colony. This occurs when a new corallite derived from a tumor of adults. As the tumor grows produce new parts of the body. The distance between the new polyps and adults to grow, and with coenosarc (joint body of the colony, and see Anatomy of coral). Could be emerging: Q interfaces with sensors, oral tablets, and the production of benign tumors of the same size within a ring of tentacles. Q outside with sensors, from its base, and the production of a smaller tumor.
* Split longitudinally begins when the tumor expands and then divides coelenteron them. Divides the mouth and also a new form of claws. Two "new" generation of polyps, and body parts missing and the exoskeleton. * Cross-division occurs when the polyps and the exterior cross-sectional divide into two parts. This means that one has to basal disk (bottom) and the other contains the disk by mouth (top). And must be benign and two new breed of new pieces are missing. [Edit division] of a colony
* Fission occurs in some coral reefs, particularly between Fungiidae family, where a colony splits into two or more of the colonies during the early stages of growth. Can be extracted colonies University Asexually through resellers or save, which is the last colony of the individual with the same genotype.
* Ejaculation occurs when the tumor and one was abandoning the colony and settle on a different substrate to create a new colony. * Fragmentation, and includes individuals of the colony to break during storms or other situations. Individuals can the onset of new colonies. Coral Locations of coral reefs Main article: Coral reefs And hermatypic, are often found in coral stone coral reefs, and calcium carbonate structures generally found in the water, and shallow tropics. Built over the coral reef skeletons, which was held together by layers of calcium carbonate produced by the algae reefs. Coral reefs and marine ecosystems most diverse host more than 4000 species of fish, huge numbers of cnidarians, molluscs, crustaceans, and many other animals. [18] Species Hole Coral Can be hacked or not coral perforation. Coral reefs in the hole and skeletons, porous, which allows them to polyps to connect with each other through the skeleton. Coral reefs and skeletons solid perforated steel. Coral reefs Hermatypic For more information: Scleractinia, Millepora, Tubipora, and Heliopora
Hermatypic or coral reef-building coral stone. With the help of the zooxanthellae, converting surplus food for the formation of calcium carbonate skeleton hard disk. Include species Hermatypic Scleractinia, Millepora, Tubipora and Heliopora. [20] In the Caribbean alone, 50 species of hard corals unique structure to exist. Well-known types as follows:
* Brain coral grow to 1.8 meters (6 feet) in width. * Acropora Staghorn coral and grows very rapidly and the important reef builders. Staghorn coral displays large antler-like branches and grow in areas with strong waves. * Fascicularis Galaxea reefs or another star is important to reef building. * Column reef forms of pillars that can grow to 3 meters (10 feet) in height. * Leptopsommia, rocks, reefs, and appear almost everywhere in the Caribbean. [21] Coral reefs Ahermatypic For more information: Alcyonacea and Anthipatharia Coral reefs are not Ahermatypic zooxanthellae and reef-building. These include Alcyonaceas, as well as some species Anthipatharia (Black Reef, Cirripathes, Antipathes) [20] such as coral reefs in the sea Ahermatypic whips, sea feathers, sea pens and [21] is also known as soft corals. Unlike coral rock, it is flexible, undulating back and forth in the current, and often perforated, with the emergence of Lacey. These are the skeletons of the protein, instead of limestone. Soft coral reefs somewhat less abundant (in the Caribbean, 20 species shown) of coral stone. Evolutionary history Solitary rugose coral (Grewingkia) in three views; Ordovician, southeastern Indiana. Although coral reefs, and first appeared in the Cambrian Period, some 542 million years ago, fossils are extremely rare until the Ordovician, and 100 million years later, when Rugose flat, coral reefs and has become widespread. Flat coral reefs occur in the limestone and calcareous shale of the Ordovician and Silurian periods, and often form low cushions or branching masses alongside coral reefs Rugose. Their numbers began to decline during the mid-Silurian period and they finally became extinct at the end of the Permian, 250 million years ago. It consists of coral skeletons from the flat form of calcium carbonate known as calcite. And became the dominant Rugose coral reefs by the middle of the Silurian period, and became extinct in the early Triassic period. There are coral reefs in the Rugose confinement and forms of colonialism, and also consists of calcite. Coral Scleractinian take a position vacated by Rugose extinct, the species is flat. Can be found at the excavations in small numbers in the rocks of the Triassic period, and it has become common in the Jurassic and later periods. It consists of the skeletons Scleractinian form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite. [23] although they are younger in geological terms, flat coral reefs Rugose, aragonitic skeleton of the less easily preserved, and the fossil record is less complete. Threats Coral reef health at the level of striking biological diversity in many forms of marine life.
Coral reefs are sensitive to environmental changes. And they predicted that more than 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; As a result, most countries protected by environmental laws. Seaweed / algae can destroy coral reefs. The Caribbean and tropical Pacific, a direct connection between ~ 40-70% of seagrass and coral reefs common bleaching the cause of death to coral through the transfer of metabolites are fat soluble. Seagrass and algae proliferate as food and adequate grazing herbivores are limited. Reefs die if the temperature changes in the surrounding waters for more than a degree or two outside their natural range, or if the drops of water salinity. Early symptoms of environmental stress, and coral reefs to expel their zooxanthellae, and without symbiotic algae and coral tissues become colorless as they reveal the white calcium carbonate skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching. Prohibition of many governments now remove the coral reefs and education used to inform the population on the protection of coral reefs and the environment. However, many of the coral damage other human activities, including runoff, mooring, fishing, diving, mining and construction. Coral specialized narrow and rely on coral stone 'on the deposition of calcium carbonate makes it vulnerable to changes in pH of water. And cause an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a solution is enough carbon dioxide to lower acidity in the oceans, in a process known as ocean acidification. Lowered pH reduces the ability of coral reefs on the production of calcium carbonate, and in extreme cases, can solve these skeletons. Without a deep and rapid reduction of CO2 in the human, many scientists fear that acidification sharply reduce or destroy the reef ecosystem. Section through dyed, reefs to determine the rate of growth That climate change can cause changes in temperatures that destroy coral reefs. For example, during the 1997-1998 warming event all hydrozoan Millepora boschmai colonies near the ovary and Panama, and died within six years, this species is now thought to be extinct. The importance of human beings Local economies near coral reefs benefit from the great abundance of fish and other marine organisms as a source of food. It also provides recreational diving and reef diving and tourism. Unfortunately, can not these activities have adverse effects, such as the accidental destruction of coral. Coral is also useful as a protection against hurricanes and other extreme weather. Coral reefs provide many medical benefits for humans. Chemical compounds that have been taken from coral reefs used in pharmaceutical drugs to combat cancer, AIDS, and severe pain and much more. Coral is also commonly used to vaccinate bone in humans. Coral has been used for thousands of years, medicine, and there is still much to learn. Can cure for some of today's more prevalent and serious diseases very well for us to wait in the coral reefs in the world. And highly sought after reefs to Live basins. In view of the ecosystem healthy, and live coral as well as this makes it amazing that a basin of salt water. Soft corals are easier to maintain on coral reefs in the captivity of the steel. [31] Isididae may be valid for use and bone transplants and those living in aquaculture, because of their ability to simulate the biological characteristics of value. Jewelry Main article: Coral (precious) Colors of coral and many give them a call for necklaces and other jewelry. The prized sharply red coral and precious stones. It is sometimes called fire coral, but not the same coral fire. Red coral is very rare because of excessive due to high demand for samples of perfection. Building Schedule reefs (a syringoporid); Bonn limestone (Lower Carboniferous) near Hiwasse, Arkansas. Scale bar is 2.0 cm. Ancient coral reefs on the ground provide lime or use as building blocks ("coral rag"). Coral rag important local building materials in places like the east coast of Africa. Climate research The difference in annual growth of coral reefs and other bamboo allow geologists to build a chronological year after year, a form of emotional excess, which lies behind the high quality output in the past climatic and environmental changes using geochemical techniques. He called for some form of community microatolls species, and that the settlement that was more important than the dead, mostly from above the water line, but which is the vicinity of submerged and most of them alive. The average level of tidal height limits. Through the analysis of different growth morphologies, microatolls offer accurate record low for sea level change. It can also be dated using the quarry microatolls radiocarbon dating. These methods can help to rebuild the Holocene sea-level. Have coral reefs in the deep-sea bamboo (Isididae) among the first organisms to view the effects of ocean acidification. They produce growth rings similar to those of the tree can provide a view of the changes in the situation in the deep sea over time.
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