Coral reefs to differentiate between sub-categories, depending on the number of tentacles or lines of symmetry, and a series of orders corresponding to the external structure, the type nematocyst genetic analysis of mitochondria. [1] [2] [5] and with these eight sensors called octocorallia or Alcyonaria include soft corals, sea fans and sea pens. With those hexacorallia more than eight in six multiple so-called name or Zoantharia. This group includes the building of coral reefs (Scleractinians) sea anemones, and zoanthids.
Anatomy Anatomy of a tumor reefs
William Herschel used initially thought to be a factory, to create a microscope in the 18 century, which was the attribute Coral thin membrane of cells from an animal
While the head of reefs there seems to be a single object, is actually a group of many individual, yet genetically identical, polyps. Of polyps are multi-cellular organisms. Are usually benign tumors a few millimeters in diameter, are formed by the outer layer of epithelial tissue and internal jellylike known as the mesoglea. Are radially symmetrical with tentacles surrounding the mouth central, open only to the stomach or coelenteron, through which dealt with food and expel waste.
Stomach closes at the base of the tumor, where the epithelium gives external structure and called for the basal plate or calicle (L. small cup). It consists of calcareous ring calicle thick (the thickness of annular) with six supporting radial ridge (as shown below). These structures grow vertically and project to the base of the tumor. When exposed to physical pressure the tumor, her claws held at the Cup so are virtually any part of the rostrum of the skeleton. This protects the organisms from predators and Annas
The tumor grows and hence vertical calices septic tanks sometimes to form a new, higher, basal plate. Over many generations this extension is a large structures of coral reef limestone and coral reefs in the end.
The formation of calcareous exoskeleton includes the deposition of the mineral aragonite of polyps from calcium ions and carbonate gain from seawater. Can deposition rate, while varying greatly across species and environmental conditions, and to the extent that 10 g / square meter of tumor / day (0.3 ounces / square yard / day). This is the light of its subsidiaries, the night, producing 90% less than during the middle of the day. Nematocyst discharge: nematocyst discharge response to touch the sleeping prey near cnidocil, operculum flap open and its savory tart of fires in the prey left empty strings through which the injection of toxins in the shell of prey, prey to the claws and then maneuver the mouth.
Nematocysts is stinging cells on the tips of calices that carry the poison fire rapidly in response to contact with another organism. Bear claws are also gang shrunken epithelium called the pharynx. Jellyfish, sea anemones, carries nematocysts.
Polyps in communication through a complex system of channels and advanced gastrovascular allow sharing a lot of food and symbiotes. In this soft coral reefs ranging in size from 5-50 micrometers (0.0020 to 0.020-in) of Qatar, and to allow the transfer of both metabolites and cellular components. [10] Near that of polyps cavernosa Montastrea. Claws and visible.
Coral reefs, as well as many other groups such as the cnidarian sea anemone (for example, Aiptasia), form a symbiotic relationship with a class of algae, and zooxanthellae, from the genus Symbiodinium. Aiptasia, while the lesion is between coral reef aquarium hobbyists, as a living example of the value of interdependence in the study of cnidarian - algae. Typically, tumor harbors one of the types of algae. By photosynthesis, and this provides energy for the coral, and help in calcification. [11]) and take advantage of algae in a safe environment, and consume carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste produced by the tumor. Given the strain the algae can put on the tumor, and the emphasis on reef coral often pay to remove the algae. It is well known mass ejections and coral bleaching, because the algae contribute to coral crayon and brown, other colors, however, is scheduled to host pigments reefs, such as GFPs (green fluorescent protein). Increase the chances of expulsion tumor to survive in the short term pressures that can regain the algae at a later date. If conditions remain difficult, and the tumor eventually die. Nutrition
Polyps feed on a variety of micro-organisms, from microscopic plankton to small fish. Claws and a tumor in the Shell or kill prey with their nematocysts. And claws and then signed on its prey to the stomach. Digest at once, open the stomach, and allow for the elimination of waste and the beginning of the next fishing session.
These toxins are usually too weak to harm humans. The exception is the fire coral. Breeding
Can all be of coral gonochoristic (single sex) and androgynous, each of which can be extracted and sexually without mating. Cloning also allows the reef to settle new areas. Nationality Life cycles of broadcasters and pens.
Coral reefs in the production mostly through sexual contact. 25% of coral reefs, hermatypic (stony corals) form a single sex (gonochoristic) colonies, while the rest androgynous. [13]) is about 75% of coral reefs in all hermatypic "broadcast spawn" by the release of gametes, eggs and sperm into the water, the spread of offspring. Gametes fuse during fertilization to form a microscopic larva called planula, and pink, and usually in the form of an oval shape. The form of a typical colony of coral larvae of several thousand each year to overcome the difficulties of forming a new colony.
Exhibits positive Planulae phototaxis, swimming towards the light to reach the water surface, where erosion and grow before descending to reach the surface of which can be difficult to attach and establish a new colony. They also exhibit sonotaxis positive and down to the sounds produced by coral reefs, and away from open water. [15 rates] Failure of the High Commissioner to infect many stages of this process, even if it is issued by the millions of gametes each colony very small number of new colonies form. Time of egg-laying in the settlement is usually 2-3 days, but can reach up to 2 months. [16] The larva grows into a tumor and eventually become by the President of asexual coral emerging and growth. Male star coral, Montastraea cavernosa, and releases sperm into the water.
Synchronous spawning is very typical of coral reefs and often, even when multiple types are present, and all the coral reefs spawn in the same night. This synchronization is therefore essential that the gametes of males and females can not be met. And must rely on coral reefs and the environment stimuli, ranging from species and species, to determine the appropriate time to release gametes into the water. In the Sermon on the changes involving the moon, and the time the sun sets, and may indicate the chemical. Egg-laying has been a simultaneous hybrid and perhaps be involved in speciation Almirjanipovi some places could spawn a visually exciting, and disrupt the clear water usually with gametes, usually at night.
Coral reefs in the use of two methods of sexual reproduction, which differ in whether it is the release of the female gamete:
* The broadcast, the majority of which spawn destruction, based largely on environmental cues, because they both release sperm and eggs in the water. And coral reefs in the use of long-term signals, such as the length of day, water temperature, and / or rate of change in temperature. The cue in the short term often lunar cycle, with the sunset indoctrination release. About 75% of coral species and broadcasters, mostly hermatypic, or reef-building [13]), and genes positively buoyant float toward the surface where larvae are produced planula fertilization. Larvae swim towards the light to enter into surface currents, where they remain normally for two days, but can be up to three weeks, and in one known case in two months, and then change the appearance and moving into polyps and form colonies.
* Ahermatypic pens are the most often (non-reef building) in areas of high current or wave action. Barns release sperm, a boom negatively, and can harbor non-fertilized eggs for weeks, reducing the need for events simultaneously complete the egg-laying, which occurs in some cases., And after fertilization in planula release of the coral reefs in the larvae that are ready to settle
Asexual Calices (base plates) of Orbicella annularis view the beatings of two ways: flowering (calicle central small) and division (calicle double large).
Within reefs, and the President of polyps of genetically identical production without mating, either through flowering (arising), or division, whether it is shown in the image of annularis Orbicella. Infancy involves growing a new tumor of adults, while the divisions of two of the polyps in each as large as the original.
* Expand the size of the fledgling colony. This occurs when a new corallite derived from a tumor of adults. As the tumor grows produce new parts of the body. The distance between the new polyps and adults to grow, and with coenosarc (joint body of the colony, and see Anatomy of coral). Could be emerging:
Q interfaces with sensors, oral tablets, and the production of benign tumors of the same size within a ring of tentacles.
Q outside with sensors, from its base, and the production of a smaller tumor.
* Split longitudinally begins when the tumor expands and then divides coelenteron them. Divides the mouth and also a new form of claws. Two "new" generation of polyps, and body parts missing and the exoskeleton.
* Cross-division occurs when the polyps and the exterior cross-sectional divide into two parts. This means that one has to basal disk (bottom) and the other contains the disk by mouth (top). And must be benign and two new breed of new pieces are missing.
[Edit division] of a colony
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* Fission occurs in some coral reefs, particularly between Fungiidae family, where a colony splits into two or more of the colonies during the early stages of growth.
Can be extracted colonies University Asexually through resellers or save, which is the last colony of the individual with the same genotype.
* Ejaculation occurs when the tumor and one was abandoning the colony and settle on a different substrate to create a new colony.
* Fragmentation, and includes individuals of the colony to break during storms or other situations. Individuals can the onset of new colonies.
Coral Locations of coral reefs Main article: Coral reefs
And hermatypic, are often found in coral stone coral reefs, and calcium carbonate structures generally found in the water, and shallow tropics. Built over the coral reef skeletons, which was held together by layers of calcium carbonate produced by the algae reefs. Coral reefs and marine ecosystems most diverse host more than 4000 species of fish, huge numbers of cnidarians, molluscs, crustaceans, and many other animals. [18] Species
Hole Coral
Can be hacked or not coral perforation. Coral reefs in the hole and skeletons, porous, which allows them to polyps to connect with each other through the skeleton. Coral reefs and skeletons solid perforated steel. Coral reefs Hermatypic For more information: Scleractinia, Millepora, Tubipora, and Heliopora
Hermatypic or coral reef-building coral stone. With the help of the zooxanthellae, converting surplus food for the formation of calcium carbonate skeleton hard disk. Include species Hermatypic Scleractinia, Millepora, Tubipora and Heliopora. [20]
In the Caribbean alone, 50 species of hard corals unique structure to exist. Well-known types as follows:
* Brain coral grow to 1.8 meters (6 feet) in width.
* Acropora Staghorn coral and grows very rapidly and the important reef builders. Staghorn coral displays large antler-like branches and grow in areas with strong waves.
* Fascicularis Galaxea reefs or another star is important to reef building.
* Column reef forms of pillars that can grow to 3 meters (10 feet) in height.
* Leptopsommia, rocks, reefs, and appear almost everywhere in the Caribbean. [21]
Coral reefs Ahermatypic For more information: Alcyonacea and Anthipatharia
Coral reefs are not Ahermatypic zooxanthellae and reef-building. These include Alcyonaceas, as well as some species Anthipatharia (Black Reef, Cirripathes, Antipathes) [20] such as coral reefs in the sea Ahermatypic whips, sea feathers, sea pens and [21] is also known as soft corals. Unlike coral rock, it is flexible, undulating back and forth in the current, and often perforated, with the emergence of Lacey. These are the skeletons of the protein, instead of limestone. Soft coral reefs somewhat less abundant (in the Caribbean, 20 species shown) of coral stone. Evolutionary history Solitary rugose coral (Grewingkia) in three views; Ordovician, southeastern Indiana.
Although coral reefs, and first appeared in the Cambrian Period, some 542 million years ago, fossils are extremely rare until the Ordovician, and 100 million years later, when Rugose flat, coral reefs and has become widespread.
Flat coral reefs occur in the limestone and calcareous shale of the Ordovician and Silurian periods, and often form low cushions or branching masses alongside coral reefs Rugose. Their numbers began to decline during the mid-Silurian period and they finally became extinct at the end of the Permian, 250 million years ago. It consists of coral skeletons from the flat form of calcium carbonate known as calcite.
And became the dominant Rugose coral reefs by the middle of the Silurian period, and became extinct in the early Triassic period. There are coral reefs in the Rugose confinement and forms of colonialism, and also consists of calcite.
Coral Scleractinian take a position vacated by Rugose extinct, the species is flat. Can be found at the excavations in small numbers in the rocks of the Triassic period, and it has become common in the Jurassic and later periods. It consists of the skeletons Scleractinian form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite. [23] although they are younger in geological terms, flat coral reefs Rugose, aragonitic skeleton of the less easily preserved, and the fossil record is less complete. Threats Coral reef health at the level of striking biological diversity in many forms of marine life.
Coral reefs are sensitive to environmental changes. And they predicted that more than 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; As a result, most countries protected by environmental laws.
Seaweed / algae can destroy coral reefs. The Caribbean and tropical Pacific, a direct connection between ~ 40-70% of seagrass and coral reefs common bleaching the cause of death to coral through the transfer of metabolites are fat soluble. Seagrass and algae proliferate as food and adequate grazing herbivores are limited. Reefs die if the temperature changes in the surrounding waters for more than a degree or two outside their natural range, or if the drops of water salinity. Early symptoms of environmental stress, and coral reefs to expel their zooxanthellae, and without symbiotic algae and coral tissues become colorless as they reveal the white calcium carbonate skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.
Prohibition of many governments now remove the coral reefs and education used to inform the population on the protection of coral reefs and the environment. However, many of the coral damage other human activities, including runoff, mooring, fishing, diving, mining and construction.
Coral specialized narrow and rely on coral stone 'on the deposition of calcium carbonate makes it vulnerable to changes in pH of water. And cause an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a solution is enough carbon dioxide to lower acidity in the oceans, in a process known as ocean acidification. Lowered pH reduces the ability of coral reefs on the production of calcium carbonate, and in extreme cases, can solve these skeletons. Without a deep and rapid reduction of CO2 in the human, many scientists fear that acidification sharply reduce or destroy the reef ecosystem. Section through dyed, reefs to determine the rate of growth
That climate change can cause changes in temperatures that destroy coral reefs. For example, during the 1997-1998 warming event all hydrozoan Millepora boschmai colonies near the ovary and Panama, and died within six years, this species is now thought to be extinct.
The importance of human beings
Local economies near coral reefs benefit from the great abundance of fish and other marine organisms as a source of food. It also provides recreational diving and reef diving and tourism. Unfortunately, can not these activities have adverse effects, such as the accidental destruction of coral. Coral is also useful as a protection against hurricanes and other extreme weather.
Coral reefs provide many medical benefits for humans. Chemical compounds that have been taken from coral reefs used in pharmaceutical drugs to combat cancer, AIDS, and severe pain and much more. Coral is also commonly used to vaccinate bone in humans. Coral has been used for thousands of years, medicine, and there is still much to learn. Can cure for some of today's more prevalent and serious diseases very well for us to wait in the coral reefs in the world.
And highly sought after reefs to Live basins. In view of the ecosystem healthy, and live coral as well as this makes it amazing that a basin of salt water. Soft corals are easier to maintain on coral reefs in the captivity of the steel. [31]
Isididae may be valid for use and bone transplants and those living in aquaculture, because of their ability to simulate the biological characteristics of value.
Jewelry Main article: Coral (precious)
Colors of coral and many give them a call for necklaces and other jewelry. The prized sharply red coral and precious stones. It is sometimes called fire coral, but not the same coral fire. Red coral is very rare because of excessive due to high demand for samples of perfection. Building Schedule reefs (a syringoporid); Bonn limestone (Lower Carboniferous) near Hiwasse, Arkansas. Scale bar is 2.0 cm.
Ancient coral reefs on the ground provide lime or use as building blocks ("coral rag"). Coral rag important local building materials in places like the east coast of Africa. Climate research
The difference in annual growth of coral reefs and other bamboo allow geologists to build a chronological year after year, a form of emotional excess, which lies behind the high quality output in the past climatic and environmental changes using geochemical techniques. He called for some form of community microatolls species, and that the settlement that was more important than the dead, mostly from above the water line, but which is the vicinity of submerged and most of them alive. The average level of tidal height limits. Through the analysis of different growth morphologies, microatolls offer accurate record low for sea level change. It can also be dated using the quarry microatolls radiocarbon dating. These methods can help to rebuild the Holocene sea-level.
Have coral reefs in the deep-sea bamboo (Isididae) among the first organisms to view the effects of ocean acidification. They produce growth rings similar to those of the tree can provide a view of the changes in the situation in the deep sea over time.
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