Quartz

Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system. And shape of the crystal is the perfect six-sided prism ending with a six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often twinned, distorted, or even intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals, and show only a portion of this form, or the lack of crystal is very clear and show the faces and wide-ranging. The formation of crystals, usually in a good form of 'bed' is not restricted by the growth in a vacuum, but because the crystals must be suspended in the other side of the matrix, only one termination pyramid is present. Geodes, quartz is the case where such a vacuum is almost spherical shape, and lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward. 

In surface water temperatures and pressures, quartz is the most stable form of silicon dioxide. Quartz will remain stable up to 573 ° C in 1 kilobar pressure. It also increases the pressure the temperature at which quartz will lose stability also increases.
Above 1300 ° C and under pressure from approximately 35 kilobars, only β - quartz stable. The latter is not the same as ordinary quartz (or α quartz) and quartz or low quartz only. β - quartz and higher symmetry, and less dense, and slightly less than the specific gravity. Conversion from one substance to another substance solid solid, quartz for β - quartz rapid and reversible and associated with the absorption of energy slightly. Easily be converted to happen when it is heated quartz crystal for β - quartz, and cool back down, heat again for β - quartz, etc., and quartz will be the same as when started. 

The reason for this is to turn easily accomplish is that the difference between quartz and quartz β - relatively small. Linkages between the oxygen and silicon atoms is "wiggled" or decrease in quartz and other "wiggled" in quartz, β. High temperatures atoms move away from each other enough to allow the bonds to non-node or correction and production of higher symmetry. Also reduced the temperature, the atoms close in on each other and bonds must be engaged in order to be stable and this reduces the symmetry back again.
Although all quartz at temperatures lower than 573 ° C low-quartz, and there are a few examples of crystals, which started as clear quartz, β. Sometimes these are named and quartz, β but is in fact examples crystals "pseudomorphic or" form that is more correctly called a lie 'after quartz quartz, β. These crystals are higher than the symmetry of quartz is low despite the decrease in quartz crystals can form similar. It consists of six dipyramids which is a pair of six pyramids by the opposition and the perspective of non-crystal faces. And consists of quartz typical of the end of two sets of three faces Moeini that can look like a pyramid, six-sided one.
 (Microscopic) crystal structure

α - quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, space group P-3121 and P 3221 respectively. β - quartz belongs to the hexagonal system, space group P-6221 and P 6421, respectively. [7] This is really spacegroups Chiral (they belong to their respective spouses enantiomorphous 11). Both α - quartz and quartz β - examples of crystal structures consisting of Chiral Chiral building blocks (Net 4 Tetrahedra in this case). Switched between - α, β, quartz and includes only a relatively minor rotation Tetrahedron relation to one another, without changing the way in which they are linked.  
 Miscellaneous (according to the color) 

Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal (sometimes called clear quartz), is a colorless and transparent (obviously), or transparent, and often is used for carvings hardstone, such as Crystal and Thir. Colored varieties include joint Citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz and milky quartz, and others. Quartz and goes through a series of different names. Important to distinguish between types of quartz is the most macrocrystalline individual crystals (visible with the naked eye) and griseofulvin or cryptocrystalline varieties (aggregates of crystals is not clear, in light of high inflation). Cryptocrystalline varieties and transparent or opaque for the most part, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline silica, which is composed of intergrowths fine of quartz, and has a crystalline multifaceted moganite. [8] Other types of precious stones opaque quartz, or quartz mixed, including, including the often conflicting gangs or patterns of colors, and garnet, agricultural and rural development, carnelian, agate, heliotrope, and jasper.  Baby Exclusive "You'll see" redirects to this article. For other uses, see Baby (disambiguation).
Citrine and a variety of quartz ranging from pale yellow to brown. Citrin natural rare; commercial polystyrene, mostly heat-treated Amethyst stones or quartzes smoke. It is almost impossible to say pieces of Citrine Yellow Topaz clearly, but they vary in hardness. Citrine and iron impurities, and there is often normal. Brazil is the largest producer of Citrine, with much of its production coming from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The name is derived from the Latin citrina, which means "yellow", which is also out of the word "citron." Can be found in some cases, Citrine and amethyst together in the same crystal and is referred to ametrine. [9]
Citrine is one of three traditional birthstones for the month of October / November.  Rose Quartz And an elephant carved in rose quartz, and 4 inches (10 cm) long
The rose quartz is a type of quartz which exhibits a pale pink color, red and rose. Is usually regarded as the color due to trace amounts of titanium, iron, manganese, and materials and extensive. Rose quartz contains microscopic rutile needles, some of which produce a set of stars in the light transmitted. Recent X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the color is due to a microscopically thin fibers are likely dumortierite within quartz and extensive. [10] 

In the form of crystal (rarely found) and the so-called pink quartz, and in color is thought to be caused by trace amounts of phosphate, aluminum. Color in the crystals is what apparently is a sensitive and subject to fading. Crystals were found and was the first in pegmatite found near Rumford, Maine, United States of America, but most of the crystals in the market come from Minas Gerais, Brazil [11].
The rose quartz is not as popular as the jewel - is generally also a shadow of a bug to be suitable for this purpose. The rose quartz is often carved into figures such as people or hearts. There is usually because the hearts and pink rose quartz is a mineral and affordable.  Amethyst Amethyst. Magaliesburg, South Africa Main article: Amethyst
Amethyst is a popular form of quartz that range from bright or dark purple color for boring.  Smoky Quartz Smoke Quartz
Smoky quartz is gray, a copy of transparent quartz. It ranges in clarity from almost full transparency to the brown and gray crystal that is almost opaque. Could also be that some of the blacks.  Milky Quartz Milky quartz sample Romanian ancient cameo onyx engraved gem of Augustus 

Milk quartz or milky quartz may be more common variety of quartz crystal and can be found almost anywhere. May be caused by the white minute inclusion of liquids from gas, liquid, or both, were trapped during the crystal formation. And the clouds caused by the use of drawers bars effectively in most applications of visual quality and precious stones. [12] Treatments of synthetic and artificial Synthetic quartz crystal grown by the hydrothermal method, 19 cm long and weighs about about 127 grams
Not every kind of quartz, which occur naturally. Prasiolite, and olive colored material, and produced by heat treatment; was also natural prasiolite have noticed in the Lower Silesia in Poland. Although Citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat treatment of amethyst. Garnet is widely heat-treated to deepen its color.
In view of the natural quartz, which often twinning, and quartz used in industry and are manufactured a lot of. And untwinned crystals are produced in large flawless, in the autoclave through the process of hydrothermal; emeralds are also manufactured in this form. While these are still referred to as quartz, the correct term for this material is silicon dioxide. Occurrence 

Quartz is the main constituent of granite and other metals contained in volcanic rocks. It is very common in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and stone are also present in variable amounts as accessory mineral in most of the carbonate rocks. It is also a common constituent of schist, gneiss, quartzite and other metamorphic rocks. Given the resistance of the resistance is very common in the sediment remaining in the stream and soil. Quartz, therefore, occupies the lowest level that could weather in a series of dissolution Goldich.
Quartz occurs in hydrothermal veins and a bug with the ore minerals. Quartz crystals were found in large pegmatites. Crystals that formed up to several meters in length and well weight of hundreds of kilograms.
Naturally occurring quartz crystals very high purity, for crucibles and other equipment used to grow silicon wafers in the semiconductor industry, are expensive and rare. A site of major mining high-purity quartz is Spruce Pine Gem Mine in Spruce Pine, North Carolina, United States. [13]  Related silica minerals


Tridymite and cristobalite and high-temperature polymorphs of the Net 2, which occur in high silica volcanic rocks. Coesite is the most multi-modal density of quartz found in some locations, the impact of the meteor and metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than usual from the earth's crust. Stishovite is more intense after the high pressure multi-forms of quartz found in some locations, the impact of meteors. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass Net 2, which consists of lightning strikes in quartz sand. [Edit] History Fatimid carved rock crystal (clear quartz) vase, (c) 1000 Quartz crystal showing transparency
The word "quartz" comes from the German About this sound Quarz (help information *), [14] which is a Slavic origin (Czech miners called křemen). Other sources attribute the origin of the word to the Saxon word Querkluftertz, that is, through the vein of ore. [15]
Quartz is the most commonly used as specified in Article maban mystical myths of indigenous people in Australia. Found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in the context of the burial, such as Newgrange or Carrowmore in the Republic of Ireland. And quartz is the Irish word cloch grian, which means' stone of the sun.
While Jade has since earliest times precious and semi-precious stone sculpture in much of East Asia, and the pre-Columbian America, in Europe and the Middle East and various types of quartz are the most common of the various types of jewelry and sculpture hardstone, including digging for precious stones and stones precious gemstones, rock crystal vases, vessels too. Tradition continued to produce objects that have been very high value even to the mid-century 19, when it fell to a large extent only in the fashion jewelry. Technique exploits the pattern and bands of color in garnet, and other items.
Nature of the Roman Pliny the Elder believed quartz to water ice, frozen permanently after a great effort of time. (The word "crystal" comes from the Greek word κρύσταλλος "ice.") Said he supported the idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on the volcanic mountains, and this type of quartz crystals, in the areas for cold hands . He also knew the ability of quartz to split light into the spectrum. This idea continued until the 1600s at least.
Century 17, Nicolas Achtzalaldrasp of quartz paved 's the way to talk to the crystals. And discovered that no matter how distorted crystal quartz, with a long face which is always the perfect angle of 60 degrees.
Charles B. Sawyer invented the commercial quartz crystal manufacturing process in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Began the transition from mined and cut quartz for electrical appliances and quartz manufacturer. 

Quartz piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. And oscillator quartz first or developed and resonator by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921. [16] Pierce, George Washington was determined to patent and oscillators crystal quartz in 1923. [17] Warren Marrison created the oscillator quartz first hour based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927 . [18]  Piezoelectricity
Quartz crystals and piezoelectric properties, but development of electric potential at the request of the mechanical stress. In the early use of this property of quartz crystals was there in phonograph pickups. One of the most common uses of the piezoelectric quartz today is a crystal oscillator. And on the quartz clock is a device that you are familiar with metal. Frequency quartz crystal oscillator is changed is by downloading a resonant mechanical, and this principle is used for accurate measurements of very very small mass changes in quartz crystal microbalance in the thin film thickness monitors.