turquoise stone

Fairuz is not clear, blue-green mineral that is water-phosphate of copper and aluminum, with the chemical formula Mkaabalhadp 6 (Al .4) 4 (OH) 8.4 H 2 O. It is rare and valuable in the classroom more accurate and was prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years due to Hui unique. Fayrouz in recent times, such as precious stones most of the other vague, has been devalued by the introduction of treatments, and imitations, and synthetics into the market.
It was known that the substance of many names, but the word turquoise is due about 16 of the century French turquie, to Central Asia articles that have been imported in the early through Turkey.The properties of Turquoise
Even the best of turquoise is fracturable, and the maximum hardness of just under 6 or a little more than window glass. Distinguished 1 cryptocrystalline mineral, and turquoise almost never forms single crystals and all its characteristics vary greatly. Crystal system has proven to be triclinic by X-ray diffraction test. With less hardness comes lower specific gravity (2.60 to 2.90) and greater porosity: These properties are dependent on the size of grain. And luster of turquoise is typically waxy to subvitreous, and transparency and are usually opaque, but may be in sections semitranslucent thin. And color is a variable of other mineral properties, ranging from white to powder blue to sky blue, and green from blue to yellowish-green. Due to blue copper idiochromatic while green may be a result of either iron impurities (replacing the aluminum) or drought.
And index of refraction (as measured by sodium light, 589.3 nm) of turquoise is approximately 1.61 or 1.62, which is the mean value seen as a single reading on the gemstone refractometer, owing to the nature of the polycrystalline in almost all cases of turquoise. Read in the 1.61 to 1.65 (birefringence 0.040, biaxial taken positive) of the crystals and one rare. And absorption spectrum can also be obtained with hand-held spectroscope, revealing a line in the 432 nm, and the weakness of the band 460 nm (this is the best with a strong reflected light). Under longwave ultraviolet light, and may occasionally fluoresce green turquoise, yellow or bright blue, but is inert under ultraviolet light and short-wave X-rays.
Turquoise is insoluble in all but heated hydrochloric acid. Smear it is pale bluish white and its fracture is conchoidal, resulting in a waxy luster. In spite of the hardness is low compared with other gems, turquoise takes a good polish. Can also be peppered with flecks of turquoise pyrite or interspersed with dark, spidery limonite sweating.
 Forming
The secondary forms Madnwalveroz apparently by aqueous solutions percolating acid during weathering and oxidation of minerals found before. For example, you may come from primary copper and copper sulphide such as chalcopyrite or from the secondary carbonates malachite or azurite; may stem from the aluminum feldspar; and phosphorus from apatite. Climate factors seem to play an important role and turquoise, which are usually found in dry areas, and filling cavities and fractures or envelope is usually a major change in the volcanic rocks, often associated limonite and other iron oxides. Turquoise in the southwest U.S. is almost always associated with the products and weathering of copper sulfide deposits in or around potassium feldspar with porphyritic intrusives. In some incidents, alunite, potassium aluminum sulfate, metal senior high school. Is usually restricted to mining turquoise relatively shallow depth of less than 20 meters (66 feet), although it did not happen along the areas where more in-depth solutions to break the secondary and increase penetration, or for greater depth of groundwater.
Although the features of the incidents Turquoise consistent with a secondary or supergene origin, and some sources indicate hypogene origin. And hypogene hypothesis, which says that the aqueous solutions originate at great depth, from hydrothermal processes. Initially at high temperature, and these solutions rise to the surface layers, and interact with the washing of the basic elements of pre-existing minerals in this process. The solutions cool, turquoise deposits, lining cavities and fractures in the rock surrounding it. This process applies to hypogene copper sulfide deposition of the original, however, it is difficult to account for many of the features of the incidents during Operation Turquoise hypogene. However, there are reports of two phase fluid inclusions within turquoise grains that give elevated temperatures of homogeneity between 90 and 190 degrees Celsius, which require an explanation.
Turquoise is nearly always cryptocrystalline and massive and assumes no specific form of Foreign Affairs. Crystals, and even at the microscopic level, are very rare. Usually the form is vein or break packaging and nodular, or botryoidal in habit. Stalactite. It has been reported models. It can also replace the turquoise pseudomorphously feldspar and apatite and other minerals, or even fossils. Odontolite and fossil bone or ivory, may be thought that traditionally has changed from turquoise or similar phosphate minerals such as iron phosphate vivianite. Intergrowth with other secondary copper minerals such as chrysocolla is also common. the emergence ofHuge turquoise in matrix with quartz from Mineral Park, Arizona.

That turquoise was mined between the stones first, and while it may have been exhausted a lot of historical and archaeological sites, and some work is still to this day. These are all small in size, and operations in many cases, seasonal, due to the limited scope and after the deposits. And works most of the hand with little or no mechanization. However, it is often turquoise is recovered as a byproduct of large-scale copper mining, especially in the United States.Cutting and grinding in the turquoise Mzjhawairan. 1973.
 Iran
At least 2000 years, the region known as the Varsozlt an important source of turquoise. These deposits, which are naturally blue, and green when heated dehyration because, confined to an area of the mine-riddled Necaboro peak of the mountain 2012 meters (6601 feet) from the mersai, which is tens of kilometers from Mashhad, the capital of Khorasan province, Iran. And designed and broken trachyte host and turquoise, and which is found both in situ between layers of sandstone and limonite, and between the pebble at the base of the mountain. These methods work, side by side with those of the Sinai Peninsula, is the oldest known. [Citation needed]
 Sinai
At least since the first dynasty (3000 BC.), And perhaps earlier, was used by the Egyptians and the turquoise was mined in the Sinai Peninsula, called "country of Turquoise" by the indigenous population Monitu. There are six mines in the area, all on the southwest coast of the peninsula, covering an area of up to about 650 square kilometers (250 square miles). The two most important of these mines, from a historical perspective, and Serabit Sharm el-Kazim, and valley Maghareh believed to be among the oldest known mine. The mine is located 4 kilometers from the past of the ancient temple dedicated to Hathor.
Turquoise is found in the sandstone that is, or was originally, surmounted by basalt. Copper and iron working methods found in the region. Large-scale mining turquoise is not profitable today, but intermittently and extract these deposits by Bedouin peoples using homemade gunpowder. In the rainy winter months, miners face a risk of flash floods, and even in the dry season, and death from the collapse of the walls of sandstone exploitation of mine randomly are not unheard of. Sinai is the color of materials are usually environmentally friendly materials Iran, but is believed to be stable and permanent to some extent. Often referred to as the Egyptian Sinai turquoise article is usually more transparent, and under magnification revealed the surface structure to be peppered with dark blue discs not seen in material from elsewhere.United StatesA selection of the ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) turquoise and orange argillite pieces of the lining of Chaco Canyon (California historian. 1020-1140 m) shows a group of typical color and mottling of the American turquoise.Bisbee turquoise is usually hard chocolate brown color matrix.
And the southwestern United States is an important source of turquoise; Arizona, California (San Bernardino, Imbratorio Ennio counties), Colorado (Conejos, El Paso, Lakepo Saguache counties), New Mexico (spiral, Grants, Ooteroo Santa Fe counties) and Nevada ( Clark, Elko, Esmerelda County, Eureka, Lander, Mineral County and Nye counties) are (or were) rich in particular. And deposits mined in California and New Mexico by the pre-Columbian Native Americans using stone tools, and some local, some from as far away as central Mexico. Sereyoussoiatkd that the state of New Mexico at the site of the oldest mines; before the 1920s, the state was the largest producer in the country, but is more or less exhausted today. Only one mine in California, which is located in Apache Canyon, operates business card today.
And turquoise occurs as vein fillings or petition, and as compact nuggets, and these are mostly small in size. While perfectly fine material Iranian material competes in both color and durability, is found in some cases, turquoise most of the U.S. is of low grade (called "chalk turquoise"); high levels of iron means the color green and yellow are predominant, and often prevents without fragmentation of consistency in the use of jewelry in the state and turquoise and non-treatment. Arizona is currently the most important producer of turquoise by value. [Citation needed] mines exist in one state is the Sleeping Beauty mine in the world, and the other is to remove the mines that are working side by side with the Kingman copper mine outside the city.
Greater Nevada is a product in other countries, with more than 120 mines, which resulted in large quantities of turquoise. Unlike anywhere else in the United States, has worked most of the mines in the first place, a Nevada turquoise gems and very few have been recovered as a byproduct of other mining operations. Was found as Nevada turquoise nuggets, fillings and broken breccias such as cement to fill the gaps between the fragments. Because of its geology and deposits, Nevada, and the vast majority of materials produced by the hard and dense, being of sufficient quality that is required any treatment or enhancement. While nearly every county in the state has made some turquoise, and producers in the President and Lander counties Esmerelda. Most of the turquoise deposits in Nevada occur along a belt and wide range of tectonic activity, which coincides with the region of the State to pay faulting. It strikes about N15E and extends from the northern part of Elko County, Nevada, down south to the southwestern border of California Tonopah. The state of Nevada issued a wide variety of colors and mixes of different matrix patterns, with turquoise from Nevada coming in different shades of blue, green, blue, green. Nevada produces some unique shades of bright mint to apple green to neon yellow. May be some of the turquoise colored containing zinc unusually large and iron, which is the reason for the bright green beautiful shades of yellow and green. Some may be from green to yellow shade of green is in fact Variscite Faustite or a secondary phosphate minerals similar in appearance to turquoise. It is also noted a large part of the materials on the state of Nevada, in many cases, sweating attractive brown or black limonite, producing the so-called "" Spider-matrix. While it worked the first of a number of deposits and the state of Nevada with the Indians, and the total Nevada turquoise production since the 1870s and estimated at more than 600 tons, including nearly 400 tons of mine lake Carico. Despite the increase in cost, small-scale mining operations to continue in a number of properties that are turquoise in Nevada including the Godber, Jack Orvil Carico, mining lake in Lander County, and pioneer in the Mount mine mineral, and many properties in Royston Candelaria and the province of Esmerelda. [5]Untreated turquoise, Nevada, USA. Fragments of crude from a mine McGuinness, Austin; Cabochons blue and green shows the spider, Bunker Hill Mine, Royston
In 1912, it was discovered the first deposit of turquoise, and distinct in one of the crystal Lynch Station, Campbell County, Virginia. Crystals, and the formation of the Druze on the rock, the mother, very small, 1 mm (0.04 in) is great. Virginia until the 1980s and was believed widely to be the sole source of distinct crystals, and there are now at least 27 other places
In an attempt to offset profits and meet demand, and treated some of the turquoise or strengthening of the U.S. to some extent. These treatments include innocuous waxing and procedures more controversial, such as dyeing and impregnation (see Treatments). However, there are some mines of America, which produces high quality materials enough required any treatment or amendments. Should be disclosed for any such treatments carried out for the sale of the buyer.Other sources

China has been a simple source of turquoise for 3000 years or more. Quality materials gems, in the form of compact nodules, is found in the break, silicified limestone of Yunxian and Zhushan, Hubei province. In addition, Marco Polo reported turquoise found in present-day Sichuan. And most of the material is exported Chinese, but some sculptures and worked in a way similar to the smell exists. In Tibet, gem-quality deposits in the presence and apparent in the mountains of Derge and Nagari - Khorsum in the East and West in the region, respectively.
Other notable localities include: Afghanistan; Australia (victoria and Queensland (;) north of India; northern Chile (Chuquicamata); Cornwall; Saxony; Silesia; and Turkestan.Date of employmentTurquoise ornament Moche nose. Larco Museum Collection. Lima, PeruTrade in turquoise crafts, and such a pendant free dating back to 1000-1040 Moiatkd Puebloans that brought the ancestors of the Chaco Canyon great wealth.
And granular and pastel shades of turquoise to the cultures of many and of great antiquity: We have adorned the rulers of Egypt of Ancient Aztecs (and possibly other pre-Columbus Mesoamericans), Persia, the land between the Alnehrino Indus Valley, and to some extent in ancient China at least since the Shang Dynasty In spite of being one Mnokdm precious stones, and perhaps for the first time to Europe (through Turkey (with other Silk Road of things, not turquoise did not become important as ornamental stone in the west to Century 14, following a decline in Roman Catholics' influence, which allows for use in turquoise jewelry secularism. and was apparently unknown in India until the Mughal period, and unknown in Japan until the 18 century. There is a belief common to many of these civilizations held Turquoise has the qualities and specific preventive and it was thought to change color with time and health and protect him from the troops is not desirable.
Turquoise Aztecs in the restaurant, along with gold, quartz, malachite, jet, jade, Mrjano shells, in the provocative (and presumably ceremonial) mosaic objects such as masks (some with human skull as their base), Alskakino armor. Natural resins, tar and wax were used to bond the turquoise to the basic material of the objects', and this was usually wood, but bone and Shell have also been used. Such as the Aztecs, the Pueblo, Navajo and Apache tribes cherished turquoise for use amuletic; latter tribe believe the stone to withstand Ram dead end. Among these peoples turquoise was used in the Mosaic restaurant, working in sculpture, was fashioned in the toroidal beads and pendants is free. And the ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) of Chaco Canyon and the surrounding area and is believed to be booming production and trafficking of turquoise objects. Distinctive silver jewelry produced by the Navajo and the other day South West Aboriginal American, is a modern development instead, believed to date from around 1880 as a result of European influences.
It was in Persia, and turquoise, in fact Stone, a national for thousands of years, and is used extensively for decorating objects (from turbans to bridles), mosques, and other important buildings both inside and outside, such as - Medresseh I Masjid Hussain Shah of Isfahan. Was brought in later as the Persian and the use of turquoise for India after the establishment of the Mughal Empire there, and its impact on viewing high purity gold jewelry (along with sapphire and Almasu buildings such as the Taj Mahal. And was, in many cases, Persian turquoise embossed with the words Ebadi in Arabic script which was then inlaid with gold.Iconic gold burial mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with turquoise, lapis lazuli, agate and colored glass.
Cabochons of imported turquoise, along with coral reefs, and was (and still is) used extensively in silver and gold jewelry from Tibet and Mngulyahit Hui said to be environment-friendly favorite. Most of the pieces made today, with turquoise usually roughly polished into irregular cabochons just a collection of silver, and is intended for export to Western markets, inexpensive, and may be inaccurate data of the original pattern.
The use of Egyptian Turquoise extends as far as the first dynasty, and possibly earlier, but perhaps the most well-known pieces include the gem are those recovered from Tutankhamun's' tomb, most notably Fronaigoni burial mask which was liberally inlaid with stone. It's also adorned with rings, necklaces large and wide and called pectorals. A set of gold, was fashioned jewel in the beads, and used restaurant, and carved in many cases in scarab motif, accompanied by garnet, Allazordo pieces later, the colored glass. Turquoise, associated with the goddess Hathor, and he liked it by the ancient Egyptians, it has become (arguably) and gems from the first tradition, the structure just created by an artificial glazed ceramic product known as porcelain. (A similar blue ceramic has been recovered from Bronze Age burial sites in the British Isles.)
And French conducted archaeological excavations in Egypt from the mid-19 through 20 in early. These fossils, including the tomb of Tutankhamun, which was created significant public interest in the Western world, influencing later and jewelry, engineering Almmaripo art at that time. Turquoise, already favored for the shadows since the Bastille (c) 1810, and was a key element in the Egyptian Revival pieces. In the use of contemporary western, turquoise most often encountered cut en cabochon in silver rings, bracelets, often in the style of Americans, or Hui, or roughly hewn beads in chunky necklaces. May be a small sculpture in article idols, such as those developed by the Zuni. While still strong sky blues in the highest value, mottled green and yellowish material popular with artisans. In Western culture, turquoise is also the traditional gem for those who were born in the month of December December. Turquoise stone is also in the Jewish high priest 's shield Alsderwoocef in a mass exodus 28.

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